Anti-ice coatings

Aircraft wing with ice layer. — Ice-covered aircraft wing.

Many technical systems can be affected in their function by snow and ice formation, e.g. in aviation and energy recovery (e.g. wind turbines), telecommunications and equipment and systems that use different external sensors. In sports and outdoor activities snow and ice are also problematic. Here, Fraunhofer IGB provides patented solutions based on combined surface and coating technology.

Ice- and water-repellent coatings

New surface coatings and composite materials can help to solve these problems in the future. Together with partners from industry and research Fraunhofer IGB has developed various anti-ice finishings for surfaces which can be used to reduce the large-scale icing of surfaces.

Anti-ice surface coatings

Water drop on a plasma functionalised nanostructured film. — Thermographic image of a strongly cooled, but still liquid water droplet on a plasma-functionalized nanostructured film.

Nano- and microstructured coating by means of plasma technology

In the "Nanodyn" joint project funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), we have developed water-repellent micro- and nanostructured layers, on which water remains liquid even at temperatures below zero degrees. This means that ice formation is largely prevented. The reason: the layers do not provide any crystallization nuclei for the water to freeze on the surface, and it remains in a "supercooled" state. Even when the water freezes, our anti-ice equipment reduces the adhesion of ice by more than 90 percent compared to the uncoated surface. This type of coating can be applied to a variety of surfaces. For this purpose, the surface to be modified is inserted into a vacuum chamber in which a so-called plasma modifies the surface.

Deposition on self-adhesive PU film - anti-ice film

For easy handling, we also attach the structured anti-ice coatings on self-adhesive plastic foils by means of plasma technology. These foils are made of impact-resistant and impact-resistant polyurethane (PU). The components can then simply be laminated with the anti-ice film.

Inkjet printing process

Fraunhofer IGB also works on inkjet printing processes to coat surfaces over a large area and in a structured manner and to adjust the wetting properties according to the customer. The model is the nature of this: using this method, biomimetic surfaces can be generated.

Microstructure by printing process

For the introduction of a microstructure, which also produces anti-ice properties, into the film surfaces, these are modified by embossing processes. By embossing, it is possible to produce topograpies with a large aspect ratio (ratio of a structure to its lateral extent). These structures are then additionally provided with further specific anti-ice equipments in subsequent processes. This may be the above-mentioned passively acting anti-ice coating by means of plasma processes and, on the other hand, actively heatable surface finishes.

Combined coatings

In order to achieve effective active and passive anti-ice equipment, the coatings can also be combined. With this combination, the anti-ice surface functionalization can react intelligently to the changing environmental conditions.

Applications

Anti-ice coatings have many areas of application: apart from aircraft wings, they can also be attached to wind turbines, which in winter freeze or become unbalanced due to ice formation, on solar panels, power lines, building parts, textiles or sports equipment. An application which is easy to apply and can be interchanged at any time could also be offered on refrigerated units or refrigerators.

Icing chambers for customer-specific tests

Two icing chambers for customer-specific climatic tests are available at the Fraunhofer IGB.

Air conditioning and test chambers:

Relative humidity: < 1 percent to 80 percent
High speed camera 1000 frames per second:

Investigation of ice formation (Icing behavior of surfaces)
Measurement of ice adhesion force on surfaces (de-icing)
Measurement of surface energy and wetting properties (contact angle)
Air and substrate temperature down to -30 °C
Automatic removal of temperature and humidity cycles
Customized adaptation of the test chamber (eg rain and wind simulation)
High-resolution thermography (contactless, spatially resolved measurement of surface temperatures by means of infrared thermography (FLIR), thermographic video recording)

Reference projects

NANODYN – Anti-icing coating

With the objective of developing microscale and nanoscale structured layers in order to control the wetting behaviors of surfaces, two research institutes and four industrial enterprises have teamed up in the NANODYN joint project. The University of Bremen is concerned with the simulation of structured wetting and dewetting surfaces, whereas the Fraunhofer IGB supports the project via the development of new plasma coatings, the creation of surface structuring as well as selective analysis of the structures generated.

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InTEnt-H –

Innovative technologies for a de-icing system of small and medium helicopters

The formation of ice on surfaces is a major problem in many areas. We are developing a passive anti-icing system. The unique and resource-saving anti-icing coating on self-adhesive, transparent and erosion-stable PU films is generating considerable cost savings and significant increases in the efficiency of active de-icing systems.